Posted At: Jul 18, 2024 - 194 Views
Basic Operators and Mathematics in JavaScript and TypeScript
In programming, operators such as addition (+), multiplication (*), subtraction (-), and others are fundamental. This chapter covers basic operators, their applications, and JavaScript-specific nuances not typically covered in basic arithmetic.
Terms: "Unary", "Binary", "Operand"
- Operand: The entities on which operators act. For instance, in
5 * 2,5and2are operands. - Unary Operator: An operator with a single operand, e.g., the unary negation (
-) which reverses the sign of a number.
// JavaScript
let x = 5;
x = -x;
console.log(x); // -5
// TypeScript
let x: number = 5;
x = -x;
console.log(x); // -5
- Binary Operator: An operator is binary if it has two operands. The same minus exists in binary form as well:
// JavaScript
let a = 10, b = 7;
console.log(a - b); // 3
// TypeScript
let a: number = 10, b: number = 7;
console.log(a - b); // 3
Math Operations
The following math operations are supported:
- Addition (
+) - Subtraction (
-) - Multiplication (
*) - Division (
/) - Remainder (
%) - Exponentiation (
**)
Remainder %
The remainder operator %, despite its appearance, is not related to percents. The result of a % b is the remainder of the integer division of a by b.
Examples:
// JavaScript
console.log(11 % 3); // 2
console.log(15 % 4); // 3
console.log(10 % 5); // 0
// TypeScript
console.log(11 % 3); // 2
console.log(15 % 4); // 3
console.log(10 % 5); // 0
Exponentiation **
The exponentiation operator a ** b raises a to the power of b.
Examples:
// JavaScript
console.log(3 ** 2); // 9
console.log(2 ** 5); // 32
console.log(4 ** 0.5); // 2 (square root of 4)
// TypeScript
console.log(3 ** 2); // 9
console.log(2 ** 5); // 32
console.log(4 ** 0.5); // 2 (square root of 4)
String Concatenation with Binary +
The binary + operator can also concatenate strings:
Examples:
// JavaScript
let greeting = "Hello, " + "World!";
console.log(greeting); // Hello, World!
// TypeScript
let greeting: string = "Hello, " + "World!";
console.log(greeting); // Hello, World!
If any operand is a string, the other one is converted to a string too:
Examples:
// JavaScript
console.log('5' + 3); // "53"
console.log(2 + '5'); // "25"
// TypeScript
console.log('5' + 3); // "53"
console.log(2 + '5'); // "25"
Here's a more complex example:
Examples:
// JavaScript
console.log(3 + 3 + '4'); // "64"
console.log('4' + 3 + 3); // "433"
// TypeScript
console.log(3 + 3 + '4'); // "64"
console.log('4' + 3 + 3); // "433"
Numeric Conversion with Unary +
The unary + operator converts non-numbers into numbers. It does nothing to numbers.
Examples:
// JavaScript
let num1 = "7";
console.log(+num1); // 7
let bool = true;
console.log(+bool); // 1
// TypeScript
let num1: string = "7";
console.log(+num1); // 7
let bool: boolean = true;
console.log(+bool); // 1
Operator Precedence
If an expression has more than one operator, the execution order is defined by their precedence.
Examples:
// JavaScript
console.log(1 + 2 * 3); // 7 (Multiplication before addition)
console.log((1 + 2) * 3); // 9 (Parentheses change the order)
// TypeScript
console.log(1 + 2 * 3); // 7 (Multiplication before addition)
console.log((1 + 2) * 3); // 9 (Parentheses change the order)
Here's an extract from the precedence table:
| Precedence | Name | Sign |
| 14 | Unary plus | + |
| 14 | Unary negation | - |
| 13 | Exponentiation | ** |
| 12 | Multiplication | * |
| 12 | Division | / |
| 11 | Addition | + |
| 11 | Subtraction | - |
| 2 | Assignment | = |
Assignment
The assignment = operator assigns a value to a variable.
Examples:
// JavaScript
let z = 10 + 5;
console.log(z); // 15
// TypeScript
let z: number = 10 + 5;
console.log(z); // 15
Assignments can be chained:
Examples:
// JavaScript
let m, n, p;
m = n = p = 5 * 2;
console.log(m, n, p); // 10 10 10
// TypeScript
let m: number, n: number, p: number;
m = n = p = 5 * 2;
console.log(m, n, p); // 10 10 10
Modify-in-place
Short operators exist for modifying and assigning values:
Examples:
// JavaScript
let t = 4;
t += 3; // t = t + 3
console.log(t); // 7
// TypeScript
let t: number = 4;
t += 3; // t = t + 3
console.log(t); // 7
Increment/Decrement
Increment ++ increases a variable by 1, and decrement -- decreases it by 1.
Examples:
// JavaScript
let count = 0;
count++;
console.log(count); // 1
let decrement = 5;
decrement--;
console.log(decrement); // 4
// TypeScript
let count: number = 0;
count++;
console.log(count); // 1
let decrement: number = 5;
decrement--;
console.log(decrement); // 4
The prefix form returns the new value, while the postfix form returns the old value.
Examples:
// JavaScript
let val1 = 3;
let res1 = ++val1; // Prefix
console.log(res1); // 4
let val2 = 3;
let res2 = val2++; // Postfix
console.log(res2); // 3
// TypeScript
let val1: number = 3;
let res1: number = ++val1; // Prefix
console.log(res1); // 4
let val2: number = 3;
let res2: number = val2++; // Postfix
console.log(res2); // 3
Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators work on the binary representation of numbers. They include &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>, >>>.
Examples:
// JavaScript
console.log(5 & 1); // 1 (AND)
console.log(5 | 1); // 5 (OR)
console.log(5 ^ 1); // 4 (XOR)
// TypeScript
console.log(5 & 1); // 1 (AND)
console.log(5 | 1); // 5 (OR)
console.log(5 ^ 1); // 4 (XOR)
``
Comma Operator
The comma operator , evaluates multiple expressions and returns the result of the last one.
// JavaScript
let x = (1 + 2, 3 + 4);
console.log(x); // 7
// TypeScript
let x: number = (1 + 2, 3 + 4);
console.log(x); // 7
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